Muropeptides are degradation products of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) sensed by
nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and NOD2, members of a recently …

ABSTRACT A synthetic Nod2 agonist, muramyldipeptide (MDP), and two Nod1 agonists,
FK565 and FK156, mimic the bacterial peptidoglycan moiety and are powerful adjuvants that …

Two types of synthetic peptidoglycan fragments, diaminopimelic acid (DAP)‐containing
desmuramylpeptides (DMP) and muramyldipeptide (MDP), induced secretion of interleukin …

NOD1 is an intracellular pattern‐recognition receptor specific for Gram‐negative
peptidoglycan that is important in host response to infections (eg Helicobacter pylori and …

Muropeptides are breakdown products of peptidoglycan (PGN) of Gram-negative and Gram-
positive bacteria. They are released during bacterial growth and division, as part of the host …

Peptidoglycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP) activates innate immunity via the host
sensor NOD2. Although MDP is N-acetylated in most bacteria, mycobacteria and related …

Muramyl peptides are the building blocks of bacterial peptidoglycan, and their biological
functions in mammals have been extensively studied. In particular, muramyl peptides trigger …

A number of pathogens induce immature dendritic cells (iDC) to migrate to lymphoid organs
where, as mature DC (mDC), they serve as efficient APC. We hypothesized that pathogen …

Although much progress has been made toward the identification of innate immune
receptors, far less is known about how these receptors recognize specific microbial …

Peptidoglycans (PGNs) are ubiquitous constituents of bacterial cell walls and exhibit various
immunobiological activities. Two types of minimum essential PGN structures for …