Introduction Macrophages significantly contribute to the regulation of vessel formation under
physiological and pathological conditions. Although the angiogenesis-regulating role of …

Macrophages are important in vascular inflammation and environmental factors influence
macrophage plasticity. Macrophage transitions into pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti …

Lymph node expansion during inflammation is essential to establish immune responses and
relies on the development of blood and lymph vessels. Previous work in mice has shown …

Both lymphatic vessels and macrophages are key factors influencing the inflammatory
response. During the inflammatory response, lymphatic vessels undergo dilation and …

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) leads to considerable morbidity, yet strategies for
therapeutic angiogenesis fall short of being impactful. Inflammatory macrophage subsets …

Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction has been associated with inflammatory and autoimmune
diseases; however, the factors contributing to this dysfunction have not been fully explored …

M2 macrophage (Mφ) promotes pathologic angiogenesis through a release of pro-
angiogenic mediators or the direct cell–cell interaction with endothelium in the micromilieu …

Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a role in the growth of
hypervascular tumors, mechanisms for paracrine regulation of its receptor expression on …

Background: Atherosclerotic occlusions decrease blood flow to the lower limbs, causing
ischemia and tissue loss in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). No effective …

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 is a major stimulator of
hemangiogenesis (HA), whereas VEGFR-3 stimulates lymphangiogenesis (LA). Contrary to …