Inducing humoral and cytotoxic mucosal immunity at the sites of pathogen entry has the
potential to prevent the infection from getting established. This is different from systemic …

Based on mucosal immunization to promote both mucosal and systemic immune responses,
next-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines would be administered …

The development of vaccines has always been an essential task worldwide since vaccines
are regarded as powerful weapons in protecting the global population. Although the vast …

The development and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 demonstrated major
successes in providing immunity and preventing severe disease and death. Yet SARS-CoV …

Mucosal vaccines can effectively induce an immune response at the mucosal site and form
the first line of defense against microbial invasion. The induced mucosal immunity includes …

Increasing global concerns of pandemic respiratory viruses highlight the importance of
developing optimal vaccination strategies that encompass vaccine platform, delivery route …

Recent events involving the global coronavirus pandemic have focused attention on
vaccination strategies. Although tremendous advances have been made in subcutaneous …

Currently approved COVID-19 vaccines administered parenterally induce robust systemic
humoral and cellular responses. While highly effective against severe disease, there is …

SARS-CoV-2 is primarily an airborne infection of the upper respiratory tract, which on
reaching the lungs causes the severe acute respiratory disease, COVID-19. Its first contact …

Abstract Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by the
newly emerged virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …