… We conclude that, although selection is mainly exerted at the protein level both in ssRNA
and ssDNA viruses, RNA-level selection plays also a significant role in ssRNA viruses. The …

… In addition, RNA viruses also present large selection coefficients, antagonistic epistasis, …
and that of maintaining mutational load at as low a level as possible. It has been postulated that, …

… have evolved by selection between different groups. … selection acts on the lower levels of
the hierarchy. The problem with this view, however, is to define what is meant by the lower level …

… by natural selection for DNA and RNA viruses, respectively, in … selection on influencing
codon usage patterns of viruses is … DNA and RNA viruses, being positive for DNA viruses while …

… secure an adequate fidelity level during replication of complex cellular DNA. The biology
of RNA viruses is extremely influenced by high mutation rates. Viral populations consist of …

… structure of RNA viruses. Results from studies with field isolates of viruses and analysis of
virus … will be kept at low levels (or will be eliminated) by negative selection. As a consequence, …

… marker introduced into an RNA virus genome is employed as a selection target. Bacteriophage
… viral adaptation on the molecular level has several advantages as follows. (i) Selection is …

… species of human RNA virus reported every year just to maintain the level of diversity that …
, please select Medlars format which will download as a .txt file. Simply select your manager …

… RNA viruses and retroviruses fix substitutions approximately … an inevitable drift under
purifying selection, the majority of … For a large and diverse selection of viruses it is shown here …

… Furthermore, the collective action model is used to motivate discussion on the evolutionary
ecology of viruses, with a focus on the ‘levels of selection’ debate and the evolution of …