… order of this STAR-RIS-aided NOMA system. For multi-antenna STAR-RIS-NOMA systems,
we propose a transmit antenna beamforming and ES protocol for STAR-RIS scheme, …

… SYSTEM MODEL As shown in Fig. 1, we consider an STAR-RIS aided multi-antenna NOMA
systems, … -antenna users with the assistance of an STAR-RIS including 2M elements. For con…

… 1, we consider a STAR-RIS aided multiantenna NOMA systems, where … STAR-RIS including
2M elements. In particular, for convenience, assuming that the reflection space of STARRIS …

… schemes are employed at the multi-antenna base station (BS). For each scheme, the … •
We investigate a STAR-RIS assisted NOMA communication system, in which the STAR-RIS is …

… focus on the downlink communication systems, we consider STAR-RIS empowered uplink
… work to consider STAR-RIS empowered uplink multi-antenna communication systems. This …

… Compared to multi-antenna and relay communication systems, RISs do not require dedicated
radio frequency (RF) chains, which reduces energy consumption and hardware costs [3]. …

… on a STAR-RIS assisted uplink NOMA secrecy communication… via the STAR-RIS, thus
protecting the NOMA communication … On receiving superimposed signals, the multi-antenna BS …

… can be improved by RIS-NOMA systems. Motivated by the RIS-NOMA systems, the purpose
of this … of the STAR-RIS technique in NOMA systems for further performance improvement. …

… Various approaches used to improve the security of the physical layer mainly include
multi-antenna technology, cooperative relay, artificial noise (AN) assistance, and cooperative …

… A receive beamforming vector z ∈ CN×1 is firstly exploited at the multi-antenna BS to
linearly detect the the superimposed signal yB [30]. As a result, the extracted signal through the …