… -trophiclevel predators’. For most purposes here we refer to top predators as pinnipeds (true
seals, sea lions, fur seals and walrus), seabirds, cetaceans and some large predatory fish. …

… overview of the trends affecting top predator populations worldwide. We explore … top predators
are not completely free of predation risk, and they may not always occupy the top predator …

… management for marine top predators is … of management and monitoring plans allowing
retrospective evaluation of MPA effectiveness; and (7) the adoption of an adaptive management …

… how marine top predators can … top predators for long-term monitoring (Figure 2). Finally,
we discuss the future of sentinel science and how the use of sentinels can inform management. …

… top predators and biodiversity conservation, and examine their effectiveness as surrogate
species. Evidence suggests that top predators … degradation and management practices may …

… The PBMS illustrates that exposure monitoring of contaminants in predatory birds can be
used to identify new chemical risks to predatory birds (and likely to other top predators), and to …

… Still, present assessment practices under the different European chemical legislations hardly
use existing chemical monitoring data from top predators. Reasons include the lack of user-…

… (a) management programmes on top predators almost invariably focus on a single species;
(b) conservation planning and management … a Swiss volunteers’ monitoring scheme to claim …

… Large terrestrial predators are often top-predators (or apex predators), but not all toppredators
are … Monitoring invasive mammalian predator populations sharing habitat with the critically …

… on top predators. Specifically, we examine the main components of the pelagic food chain,
and assess current knowledge in the context of top predators. … -based management practices. …