… bottlenecks horizontally transmitted viruses are better able to combat mutational load and
hence, achieve higher fitness levels than vertically transmitted viruses. … horizontal transmission …

… A second, less severe bottleneck was identified at the salivary … bottlenecks during infection,
dissemination and transmission by … bottlenecks on viral fitness and transmission, and the viral …

… In this report, we show that a cumulative ratchet-like mechanism operates during repeated
genetic bottleneck transmissions of VSV, that Muller's ratchet operates at 37 as well as at 32C, …

… transmission bottleneck are only beginning to be understood. Here, we review how
transmission bottlenecks are measured, how they arise, and their consequences for viral evolution. …

… horizontally transmitted viruses should mitigate the effect of bottlenecks. This hypothesis
has been suggested as an explanation to the observation that vertically transmitted pathogens …

… Population bottlenecks during transmission might also be an important factor for limiting
the variation in a population. This phenomenon was implicated in some laboratory passage …

… It is also clear that for many RNA viruses we need to better understand a number of key … of
the transmission bottleneck, analyses of intra-host genetic diversity along known transmission …

… bottlenecks have in enhancing the deleterious effects of Muller's ratchet during RNA virus …
and of the competitive exclusion principle for RNA viruses are viewed as the expected result …

… RNA viruses encounter severe genetic bottlenecks during systemic movement (Table 7.1).
The three … might be the results of repeated movement and transmission bottlenecks occurring …

… The question that needs to be answered then is how important is the bottleneck during
horizontal transmission? Several studies have tackled this problem experimentally. Ali et al. …