… ; in addition, SARS-CoV-2 inhibits TYK 2 (vis NSP1), further driving inflammation by causing
downstream effects that overlap with the immunomodulatory pathway. Anticytokine, JAK …

… respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) …
, clinical manifestation, and outcomes of COVID-19. Systemic proinflammatory cytokines and …

… COVID-19 treatment [22]. However, various antiviral agents with different mechanisms of action
have been used for COVID-19 … immunomodulatory drugs administered to treat COVID-19 …

… To this end, we propose two putative approaches: the inhibition of transforming … COVID-19
is essential when aiming to purposely combine antivirals with the use of an immunomodulator …

… could be in part due to an uncontrolled immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection [21]. The
… COVID-19. Consequently, the proposal to treat severe COVID-19 with immunomodulatory …

… Our still incomplete understanding of the COVID-19 disease … The description of the “cytokine
storm” epithet to COVID-19 has … We fear that COVID-19 may be a case of déjà vu and argue …

… syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is considered the cause of the ongoing coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19… dissemination and various clinical complications [1,2,3]. Presently, …

… In this review, we focus on immune modulators because the pathogenesis of viral
pneumonia is not a virus-induced cytopathy but rather an immune reaction of the host against …

… 2 immune response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of critically ill patients with
COVID-19… Thus, with the dual immunomodulatory properties of both anti-inflammation and anti…

… through vaccines, interferon administration, passive immunotherapy by convalescent plasma
or synthesized monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, as well as immunomodulatory drugs…