Objective Now that orbital spaceflight is a continuous reality, deep space exploration and
extra-Earth colonization have become the aspirational activities of space agencies and
private entities. Understanding the impact of the extraterrestrial environment on human
reproduction is a vital precursor to extra-Earth colonization, however, the effects of
microgravity and cosmic radiation on reproductive physiology remain largely unknown.
Relevant forms of cosmic radiation include protons, heavy ions, and the secondary neutron …