Neuroscience is a vast subject; understanding the brain is one of the most complex, deep, and challenging tasks in all of science. In this article, we survey statistical contributions to the field of neuroscience, though focus heavily on human brain imaging. Statistics has made fundamental contributions in the processing and analysis of neuroscience and neuroimaging data. Contributions range from processing the measurements of new technologies to analyzing large groups of subjects and inference on the impact of behavior or disease. Developments in statistical algorithms and signal processing help in the pipeline that takes raw images and converts them to those used for diagnosis or research. Statistics has provided key protections from type I errors for the high‐dimensional spatially correlated and complex data arising in this domain. In addition, novel modeling and testing approaches have allowed researchers to perform inference for this challenging data. We end the article with recommendations for statisticians and other quantitative scientists to get involved in this exciting and rapidly evolving field.