Historically, scientific findings from male in vitro and in vivo models have formed the
standard of medical knowledge. This approach, exacerbated by low female representation
in medical research and a dearth of studies investigating sex differences, has led to
substantial public health, clinical, and humanitarian implications, as well as economic
consequences. A cardinal example from the field of cardiology was the discovery of critical
sexspecific treatment effects through ad hoc observational analyses, years after the results …