students with intellectual disability using a random-effects model. Eight single-case
experimental studies and six experimental or quasi-experimental group studies met the
inclusion criteria, encompassing a total of 297 participants with intellectual disability. The
overall effect of phonics instruction on the decoding skills of persons with intellectual
disability was large: g= 1.42 (95% CI: 0.75, 2.10). Single-case studies yielded a larger …