A modular ionophore platform for liver-directed copper supplementation in cells and animals

TA Su, DS Shihadih, W Cao, TC Detomasi… - Journal of the …, 2018 - ACS Publications
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018ACS Publications
Copper deficiency is implicated in a variety of genetic, neurological, cardiovascular, and
metabolic diseases. Current approaches for addressing copper deficiency rely on generic
copper supplementation, which can potentially lead to detrimental off-target metal
accumulation in unwanted tissues and subsequently trigger oxidative stress and damage
cascades. Here we present a new modular platform for delivering metal ions in a tissue-
specific manner and demonstrate liver-targeted copper supplementation as a proof of …
Copper deficiency is implicated in a variety of genetic, neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. Current approaches for addressing copper deficiency rely on generic copper supplementation, which can potentially lead to detrimental off-target metal accumulation in unwanted tissues and subsequently trigger oxidative stress and damage cascades. Here we present a new modular platform for delivering metal ions in a tissue-specific manner and demonstrate liver-targeted copper supplementation as a proof of concept of this strategy. Specifically, we designed and synthesized an N-acetylgalactosamine-functionalized ionophore, Gal-Cu(gtsm), to serve as a copper-carrying “Trojan Horse” that targets liver-localized asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) and releases copper only after being taken up by cells, where the reducing intracellular environment triggers copper release from the ionophore. We utilized a combination of bioluminescence imaging and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assays to establish ASGPR-dependent copper accumulation with this reagent in both liver cell culture and mouse models with minimal toxicity. The modular nature of our synthetic approach presages that this platform can be expanded to deliver a broader range of metals to specific cells, tissues, and organs in a more directed manner to treat metal deficiency in disease.
ACS Publications
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