heat transfer in participating media. However, it is also computationally prohibitive in large-
scale simulations. To alleviate this, this study proposes a quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) method
for thermal radiation in participating media with a focus on combustion-related problems.
The QMC method employs low-discrepancy sequences (LDS) in place of the traditional
random numbers. Three different low-discrepancy sequences–Sobol, Halton, and …