Fossil tortoises (Testudinidae) are known from the Late Oligocene to Holocene, but they
likely arrived from Africa during the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene. The fossil record of
Trachemys (Emydidae) and Rhinoclemys (Geoemydidae) is restricted to the Pleistocene, but
both lineages likely arrived in multiple waves over the course of the Neogene. Our
taxonomic review of 12 named fossil testudinoids finds five nomina valida, two nomina …