techniques. The main difference between a hybrid WSN and a terrestrial wireless sensor
network is the wireless underground sensor network, which communicates in the soil. In this
paper, a hybrid wireless sensor network architecture is introduced. The framework to deploy
and operate a hybrid WSN is developed. Experiments were conducted using a soil that was
50% sand, 35% silt, and 15% clay; it had a bulk density of 1.5 g/cm3 and a specific density of …