Bonus-malus taxes appear to have been successful in encouraging people to change to
less polluting travel options in France (eg the tax on large and small engined cars). We
hypothesize that they have three possible effects on consumer behaviour. The positive
effects are:(1) a price effect (the less polluting option is subsidized and the polluting option is
taxed); and (2) a social norm effect (the less polluting option is classified as pro-social and
the polluting option as antisocial). The negative effect (3) is that they may decrease intrinsic …