dopant ions into the film during the electrical oxidation process. In this work, PPy/SPE/PPy
electroactive tri-layer actuator was prepared by the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole
and the actuation characteristics were studied. An all-solid actuator, consisting of two
polypyrrole (PPy) films and a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) based on poly (vinylidene
fluoride)(PVDF), clearly showed a reversible displacement in an atmosphere when a voltage …