In order to overcome serious utility tunnel fires and minimize economic loss, it is essential to
establish an effective and practical method for finding the fire source. An adaptive Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm was proposed for fire source identification of utility
tunnel fires, whose inertia weight and learning factors were adjusted dynamically. In
comparison with traditional fire detection methods, the proposed algorithm is immune to the
specific environment and complicated fire propagation mechanisms, the fire source location …