The Vaal River is situated in the mining and industrial heartland of South Africa. It is
regarded as a “work horse” river in South Africa and as a consequence it receives treated
waste water from the largest metropolitain area in South Africa. It is only with the more
frequent occurance of fish kills in the Vaal Barrage area during the past few years that public
attention has been drawn towards the decreasing water quality and subsequent
deterioration in the aquatic health of the Vaal River system. The aim of this study was to …