Premixed and partially premixed lean combustion is utilised in modern gas turbine systems, since an improved efficiency and lower flame temperatures can be achieved, thereby offering reductions in pollutant emissions. The stability of these flames in practical combustion systems, where ubiquitous turbulence is present, is enhanced through the use of bluff body flame holders and swirling flow. However, these flames are prone to unstable phenomena that may hinder successful ignition or lead to the occurrence of flashback and other instabilities that may lead to flame blow-off. The stabilisation mechanisms of highly unstable flames are complex and pose as a significant challenge from a modelling perspective.