The framework presented in this paper offers an alternative starting point for
transdisciplinary research projects seeking to create change. The framework begins at the
end: it distinguishes three distinct 'transdisciplinary outcome spaces' and proposes
articulating their content for purposive transdisciplinary research projects. Defining upfront
the desired improvements has profound implications for how transdisciplinary research is
conceived, designed, implemented and evaluated. Three key realms of transdisciplinary …