Abstract Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) has been known to be more bioavailable than cyanidin-
3-rutinoside (C3R), the most abundant anthocyanin in black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis).
The aim of this study was to enhance the bioavailability of anthocyanins in black raspberry
by cleaving ʟ-rhamnose in C3R using crude enzyme extracts (CEEs) from Aspergillus
usamii KCTC 6956, A. awamori KCTC 60380, A. niger KCCM 11724, A. oryzae KCCM
12698, and A. kawachii KCCM 32819. The enzyme activities of the CEEs were determined …

The primary anthocyanins identified in black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) were cyanidin-3-
rutinoside (C3R), cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside (C3XR), and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G).
C3G has been known to be more bioavailable than C3R, the most abundant anthocyanin in
black raspberry. In this study, in order to enhance bioavailability of anthocyanins in black
raspberry, bioconversion of C3R to C3G in black raspberry was conducted by cleaving
terminal L-rhamnose of C3R using crude enzyme extracts (CEE) from A. usamii KCTC 6956 …