Paper proposes the method of evaluating costs for bioenergy supply in Russia based on energy analysis. The main deterrent factor is not as much limited resources as the marginal cost of production biofuels and the possibility of using cost-effective ways reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including capturing and carbon storage, alternative forms of renewable energy and energy efficiency and energy savings. In this situation, the possibility of progressive development of the global market for biofuels can only be achieved by fundamental changes in the industry determined by the peculiarities of development scientific and technological progress. The authors also identifies a number of factors of technological, economic financial nature constraining the large-scale implementation of scientific technical advances in bioenergy. Comparing the innovation policy of various countries of the world, paper notes that industrialized countries have a high level of investment in R&D in the field of biofuel technologies.