The production of biopolymers from renewable resources like lignocellulosic feedstock has been increasing due to environmental, political and economic concerns about conventional plastics utilization. A wide range of biopolymers with several applications possibilities can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass, allowing the replacement of many conventional plastics. There are four types of biopolymers that can be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass: (i) natural biopolymers; (ii) biopolymers derived from natural biopolymers with structural modifications; (iii) biopolymers synthesized by microorganisms; and (iv) biopolymers obtained through polymerization of biomonomers derived from lignocellulosic feedstock. In this chapter, production processes, applications, advantages, and challenges of obtaining biopolymers from lignocellulosic biomass are discussed.