Water pollution has become a serious concern in the twenty‐first century due to the
unchecked release of industrial and urban wastewater streams into freshwater sources. Both
organic contaminants (OCs) and inorganic contaminants (IOCs) impose grave health and
environmental impacts; however, IOCs–particularly heavy metals (lead, arsenic, mercury),
anions (fluoride, cyanides, sulfates), mineral acids, and trace elements like selenium–are
catastrophic due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification phenomena. Moreover, the …

Although the Industrial Revolution played a vital role in the world's economic development, it
also led to a wide spectrum of environmental problems (Rhind, 2009; Yap et al., 2020;
Bragina et al., 2012). Consequently, environmental conservation is a significant concern,
and numerous initiatives have been undertaken to handle air, water, soil, noise, and
electromagnetic pollution (Bragina et al., 2012; Shepherd et al., 2018, Ciu et al., 2020; Yun
et al., 2020; Sordello et al., 2019). In particular, the scarcity of drinking water and the fast …