understand levels of car access. Might this cross-sectional approach mask considerable
variation over time and within households? We use a panel dataset, the Panel Study of
Income Dynamics (PSID), for the years 1999–2011 to test this question. We find that for most
families, being “carless” is a temporary condition. While 13% of families in the US are
carless in any given year, only 5% of families are carless for all seven waves of data we …