system in which palladium on carbon was the catalyst and limonene was the solvent and
hydrogen donor. The highest percentage of castor oil modification occurred at 178° C using
1% Pd/C and an oil/limonene ratio of 1∶ 3. The optimized system presented very good
reproducibility and 100% conversion of the ricinoleate. GC using a mass spectrometer as
detector and 1 H NMR spectra of the products indicated that hydrogenation was …