for engineering biological systems. Here, we characterize the specificity and expression
levels of 18 short (254 to 880 bp) candidate germline promoters using a single-copy gfp
reporter assay in C. elegans. Six promoters resulted in ubiquitous expression, three did not
drive detectable expression, and nine were germline-specific. Several promoters drove
stronger germline expression than the commonly-used mex-5 promoter. The promoters …