Cancer is the leading cause of death globally after cardiovascular diseases. Conventional
therapeutic strategies have had minimal success rate. Recently, immunotherapy, particularly
chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T cells), has emerged as the most effective against
cancer. A patient's T lymphocytes have artificial chimeric antigen receptors genetically
engineered on their surfaces to target specific antigens present on the surfaces of the cancer
cell. A typical chimeric antigen receptor includes four domains, each of which serves a …