Despite the significant health risks resulting from tobacco use, the prevalence of smokers
worldwide remains high. Cigarette smoking is one of the major sources of toxic chemical
exposure to humans and is the greatest cause of preventable illnesses and premature
death. The adverse consequences of smoking in various pathologies are mediated by its
effects on the immune-inflammatory system. In this review, we aim to explore the effects of
cigarette smoking on the inflammatory response and molecular mechanisms with emphasis …