The estimated cost of a temporary seawall to protect one of the RMI’s atolls is USD $100 million, an amount nearly double the country’s annual revenue. vi The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) acknowledges that this cost is “well beyond the financial means of most small island states.” vii In addition, seawalls must be maintained to be effective, and will likely need to be built both higher and wider over time to prevent erosion. viii These types of coastal defenses attract climate finance particularly when a country specifies their need in a National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA). ix For instance, the RMI specified the need for climate adaptation infrastructure in its NAPA, and the Green Climate Fund (GCF) subsequently funded a USD $44.1 million project to enhance “the resilience of coastal infrastructure in the densely populated areas” of the RMI. x