Biopsychosocial models of chronic pain hypothesize a role for psychological and
environmental factors in adjustment to chronic pain. To test the utility of such models for
understanding phantom limb pain, 61 persons with recent amputations were administered
measures of average phantom limb pain intensity, pain interference, depression, pain
coping use, pain cognitions and appraisals, and social environmental variables 1 month
post-amputation, and the measures of pain intensity, pain interference, and depression …