The concept of “coping styles”, or consistently different responses to stressors, is of broad
interest in behavioral ecology and biomedicine. Two critical predictions of this concept are
individual consistency of neurophysiological and behavioral responses (relative to
population variability) and a negative relationship between aggression/proactivity and
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis reactivity. Recent studies failed to provide strong
support for these predictions, especially outside of strictly controlled conditions, and long …