… it is, knowing whether costly punishment covaries with altruistic behavior is valuable. Models
of the evolution of costly punishment suggest that societies in which costly punishment is …

… “Punishment” has multiple meanings in the … “costly punishment”: punishment that may have
payoff advantages for the punisher even with costs included (therefore it is selfish punishment…

… In evolutionary game theory, punishment is typically modeled as a behavior that carries
some cost for the punisher and also imposes some cost on the recipient. So the mystery is: Why …

… We explore existing data showing cultural variation in the propensity to punish, and ask …
costly punishment is a mechanism for regulating investment between different levels of society, …

… So, understanding how public goods problems can be solved has provoked great interest,
both because human societies have somehow managed to solve many such problems to …

… punishment game to investigate whether children would imitate a model's decision to punish,
at a personal cost, … of their age, imitate the costly punishment of both equal and unequal …

… engage in costly punishment increases with tightening competitive pressure between groups.
… of intergroup conflict behind the emergence of costly punishment and human cooperation. …

… reviewed here suggest, across human societies, that variation in punishment is expected to
be … sample of human societies to analyse ethnographic evidence for punishments of norm …

… Rather than this being simply random cultural variation, we hypothesized that people in
larger, more complex societies would engage in more third-party punishment due to the fact that …

… punisher and the punished participant, we find a highly significant increase in antisocial
punishment across all participant pools as a function of the amount of punishment received in …