to mitigate fluctuating thermal loads. TES systems may often contain a phase change
material (PCM) which stores heat isothermally through the enthalpy of phase change, and
thus the TES as a whole operates at a near constant temperature. Integrated into a heat
pump (HP) or heat transfer fluid (HTF) circulation loop, the TES will behave as an isothermal
heat exchanger (HX), absorbing or releasing heat into the HTF. For near-ambient TES (-15 …