observer which provides some essential requirements to be used in a sensorless control.
The observer design technique is proposed to estimate some key states in a Multi-Input Multi-
Output (MIMO) proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in a finite-time. Since variation
of the load current deeply affects the life time of the cell, estimation and control of oxygen
excess ratio (λ O 2) is suggested to detect and prevent the damage. As a practical …