developed by introducing betacyanin (BC) from beetroot peel extract. Remarkably,
CMC/FG/BC film exhibited a dynamic color transition from pink to yellow in response to pH
changes from 1 to 12. Beyond its pH sensitivity, the newly developed film demonstrated
exceptional sensitivity to ammonia solution concentrations, detecting variation from 0.125 to
0.5 mg/mL with a significant ΔE (P< 0.05) change when a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL was …