leaves (Mitragyna speciosa), was produced. MG was coupled to carrier proteins employing
either 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS), a
zero-length cross linker or a 5-carbon length glutaraldehyde cross linker. To confirm the
immunogenicity, the hapten numbers were determined using matrix-assisted laser
desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Preparation of the …