antenna. The antenna can be controlled with the use of an external bias to control both the
amplitude and phase of the transmitted signal, in a continuous way, to provide m-QAM direct
antenna modulation. The DAM comprises of five metasurfaces, four of which control the
transmitted phase through the use of a varactor diode, and the fifth uses a PIN diode to
control the transmitted phase. Numerical simulations are presented which show that the …