Drivers of the shadow economy in European Union welfare states: A panel data analysis
ER Mara - Economic Analysis and Policy, 2021 - Elsevier
This paper carries out an extensive analysis of the drivers of the shadow economy (SE) in
the welfare states of the European Union for the period 1995-2017. The empirical analysis is
applied to the 28 EU 1 member states, which are divided into the following clusters,
according to their welfare model: Nordic, Liberal, Continental, Mediterranean, and Eastern
models. The relationship between the SE and its determinants is analyzed based on the
panel corrected standard errors (PCSEs) model in the presence of cross-section …
the welfare states of the European Union for the period 1995-2017. The empirical analysis is
applied to the 28 EU 1 member states, which are divided into the following clusters,
according to their welfare model: Nordic, Liberal, Continental, Mediterranean, and Eastern
models. The relationship between the SE and its determinants is analyzed based on the
panel corrected standard errors (PCSEs) model in the presence of cross-section …
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