ocean model, and successfully characterized the equatorial Atlantic upwelling annual cycle
as a combination of the local wind-driven Ekman upwelling and nonlocal wind-driven wave
upwelling. In the present work, utilizing the same simple framework, we examined the fidelity
of the upwelling Pacific annual cycle using observations and simulations from the Coupled
Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). We demonstrated that the theoretical …