… dystonia focuses on clinical characteristics and classifies dystonia as isolated (whereby
dystonia … combined (whereby dystonia is combined with other neurological or systemic signs) 2 . …

… as levodopa in dopa-responsive dystonia or drugs that prevent copper accumulation in …
dystonia, and medical treatments or deep brain stimulation for patients with generalised dystonia…

Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained … Dystonia is often confused with
spasticity or rigidity and is … of both primary and secondary dystonias, including those that are …

… dystonia and in animal models of primary dystonia… Dystonia-plus’ syndromes occur when
dystonia is combined with other pathological changes (these include dopa-responsive dystonia …

… include leg dystonia while writing and axial dystonia induced by talking. Occasionally, dystonia
may … activity; such paradoxical dystonia is more common in dystonia affecting facial and …

… of dystonia must be able to explain how dystonia can be produced in various circumstances.
Brain lesions can cause dystonia… Dystonia can be hereditary, and genetic linkage has been …

… There are five recognizable physical signs of dystonia: two main signs (dystonic … dystonia
and overflow dystonia). There is still no validation of diagnostic criteria for the different dystonia …

… The prevalence estimates for primary dystonia range from two to 50 cases per million for
early-onset dystonia and from 30 to 7320 cases per million for late-onset dystonia. From …

… less typical features of dystonia sometimes intermixed with … 1, dystonia is the only physical
sign of primary dystonia … secondary dystonias is different from typical primary torsion dystonia…

Medications such as anticholinergic drugs, dopamine modulators, baclofen, muscle relaxants,
and other pharmacologic agents have been used for a long time to treat dystonia, but the …