Answering the question of what constitutes qualitatively good instruction for deaf students entails an analysis of what actually defines quality of instruction in education in general; what, in addition, is needed for effective instruction for deaf students; and, finally, to what extent special and regular schools are able to provide quality instruction to deaf students. This chapter explores these issues: What emerges from this exploration is a picture that is, at best, fragmented. Under specific conditions, it seems possible for deaf students to learn as much as their hearing peers, at least in postsecondary education. Whether these conditions are met frequently and in different educational settings is simply unknown. What we do know is that regular and special schools face different challenges in educating deaf students. Teaching mixed-ability groups (with respect to communication, language, literacy, and cognition) certainly is a challenge to teachers in these settings, and this challenge deserves much more attention in teacher training and coaching, since adaptive instruction seems problematic both in regular and in special education. To increase our knowledge about effective instruction for deaf students in different settings and at different education levels, we need more research and more focused research. Preliminary efforts in this direction are discussed in this chapter.