a maximum efficiency of 40–45%. The actual efficiency of N utilization in cows grazing
intensively managed pastures, is 15 to 25%. When young leafy grass is the sole feed this
figure cannot be altered substantially without reducing animal performance. Supplementing
the diet of grazing dairy cows with a low-protein, high-energy feed (special concentrates or
maize silage) increases the efficiency of N utilization, mainly because it lowers N intake. First …