Enhancement of energy and combustion properties of hydrochar via citric acid catalysed secondary char production
The present study investigates the use of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to upgrade agro-
waste into solid biofuels and the use of citric acid (CA) as a catalyst capable of enhancing
energy properties of hydrochars. HTC of pineapple waste (PA) was carried out at 180, 220,
and 250° C at a fixed 1-h residence time with and without the addition of CA. Contrarily to
the current understanding with regard to the use of an acid catalyst during HTC, CA addition
shows to appreciably increase hydrochar mass yields with HTC temperature, while …
waste into solid biofuels and the use of citric acid (CA) as a catalyst capable of enhancing
energy properties of hydrochars. HTC of pineapple waste (PA) was carried out at 180, 220,
and 250° C at a fixed 1-h residence time with and without the addition of CA. Contrarily to
the current understanding with regard to the use of an acid catalyst during HTC, CA addition
shows to appreciably increase hydrochar mass yields with HTC temperature, while …
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