Health information was once generally collected and reserved either to inform clinical care,
conduct research, or survey the public's health. Today, with digital data infrastructure, health
information can technically flow between all of these purposes simultaneously, enabling
learning health systems (LHSs) and related enterprises. LHSs are emerging through
infrastructural innovation that allows for connectedness in data collection, analytics to
transform data to knowledge, and application of that knowledge in practice and in ways that …

Background The purpose of the first annual symposium on the ethical legal and social
implications of learning health systems (ELSI-‐LHS) was to begin establishing a community
to engage in ELSI-‐LHS scholarship and practice. Held in November 2016 at the University
of Michigan, the symposium was co-‐sponsored by the University of Michigan Department of
Learning Health Sciences, School of Public Health, the Center for Bioethics and Social
Sciences in Medicine, Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, the Brehm …