A novel numerical optimization PLS-based algorithm to enable the identification of two-block
two-way linear models is proposed. The approach is denoted expanded PLS (E-PLS) and
takes advantage of the simplicity of use of two-way models for batch processes and tackles
its major limitation which is over-fitting. Over-fitting is caused when the variance of the error
term dominates the prediction error of the model. The variance error term dominates when
dealing with short and fat data sets, which is typical in batch processes. E-PLS tackles over …