Lowland rivers and shallow aquifers are closely coupled, and their interactions are crucial
for maintaining healthy stream ecological functions. To explore river–aquifer interactions
and the lowland hydrological system in three Belgian catchments, we apply a combined
approach of baseflow separation, impulse response modeling, and time series analysis over
a 30-year study period at the catchment scale. Baseflow from hydrograph separation shows
that the three catchments are groundwater-dominated systems. The recursive digital filter …