An in vitro model, composed of the short‐wavelength human opsins and rhodopsins, is
created. Two types of photosensitive neural spheroids are transfected for selective reaction
under bluish‐purple and green lights. These are employed to two devices with intact neuron
and neural‐spheroid to study the interaction. By photostimulation, the photosensitive
spheroid initiated photoactivation, and the signal generated from its body is transmitted to
adjacent neural networks. Specifically, the signal traveled through the axon bundle in …

An in vitro model of an eye-to-brain circuit, composed of human photoreceptors that are the
short-wavelength opsins and rhodopsins, was created. Two types of photosensitive neural
spheroids were transfected for selective reaction under bluish-purple and green lights.
These samples were applied to two devices with intact neuron and neural-spheroid to study
the interaction. By photostimulation, the photosensitive spheroid initiated photoactivation
and phototransduction, and the signal generated from its body was transmitted to adjacent …